Spectrum of Engineering Sciences

EFFICIENT IMAGE DESCRIPTOR GENERATION USING CNN ARCHITECTURES FOR ENHANCED IMAGE RETRIEVAL

2025-08-02T14:23:43+03:00

Machine learning algorithms are widely employed in image classification tasks to extract and represent discriminative features from images. In this study, we present an efficient approach for generating image descriptors using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures, including GoogleNet, Inception V3, and DenseNet-201. These networks are leveraged to capture both texture and object-level features, which are further encoded through three color channels to enhance image retrieval performance while maintaining an optimal response time. When images are processed through the hierarchical layers of the CNNs, distinctive feature representations (signatures) are produced. These signatures are subsequently used to construct a new matrix that effectively encodes spatial relationships, color attributes, and latent patterns, thereby providing a more comprehensive representation of image content. The proposed CNN-based method was evaluated on four benchmark datasets: Corel-1K, CIFAR-10, 17-Flowers, and ZuBuD. Among the tested architectures, DenseNet-201 achieved the best performance on the CIFAR-10 dataset, which contains images of diverse categories and varying sizes, demonstrating superior accuracy compared to GoogleNet and Inception V3.

IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FOODBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS

2025-08-02T08:11:41+03:00

Foodborne disease is commonly caused by consuming contaminated food and beverages so the identification and classification of foodborne disease outbreaks is necessary to prevent and reduce the risk of illness and death. The purpose of this research is to identify the causative agents of disease as soon as possible to improve the food safety to prevent from illnesses and deaths. The useful patterns have been identified with analysis on dataset and also determine the large number of outbreaks occurs in year, food, location and species. The classification is done in Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes and Random Forest classifiers. The experiments on the dataset have proven the efficiency of purposed approach for identification and classification of outbreak patterns.

IMPACT OF NANO-SILICA ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

2025-08-02T08:51:30+03:00

There is an enormous use of Portland cement concrete which presents serious environmental issues such as high levels of carbon emission, thus the use of sustainable alternatives such as geopolymer concrete (GPC). Nevertheless, GPC has exhibited irregular mechanical strength especially early-age strength that restrains its use to a greater extent. Although nano-silica has been funded in impacting positively into cementitious composites, its impact on GPC is not fully exploited particularly with regard to optimization of dosage and microstructural interactions. To fill this gap research was conducted to study the effect of nano-silica (0 4% by fly ash weight) on mechanical and microstructural properties of GPC. Controlled experimental design was undertaken, whereby compressive, tensile, and flexural strength tests as well as SEM and XRD tests were carried out. ANOVA, Tukey, HSD, and regression were used in statistical assessment. The findings showed that 3% nano-silica produced the maximum compressive strength (39.66 + 0.91 MPa, *p* < 0.001) which was 24.2 percent higher than that of the control whereas tensile and flexural strength were increased by 32.4 and 24.2 percent, respectively. By microstructural examination, more dense matrices with lower porosity (8.5 percent at 3 percent nano-silica as compared to 12.5 percent control) were observed. But the workability decreased in a linear manner as the dosages increased (slump: 81.22 +/- 2.03 mm to 69.01 +/- 1.49 mm). At 2 3%, the dosage provided the best combination between strength improvement and ease of handling, beyond which effects on agglomeration were found. These empirical results support the use of nano-silica in sustainable construction showing its effectiveness in enhancing the performance of GPC. The research can fill the existing severe knowledge gaps in nano-modified GPC, providing practical solutions in material optimization and low-carbon infrastructural construction.

DATA MINING BASED VERTICAL HANDOVER DECISION FRAMEWORK FOR 5G NETWORKS

2025-08-02T09:24:54+03:00

Effective and Seamless execution of vertical handover (VHO) is critical for maintaining sustained connectivity and high Quality of Service (QoS) in 5G heterogeneous networks. However, the differences in network behaviors and protocols make VHO decision-making complicated, often leading to increased latency and service interruption. This paper presents a framework of VHO decision-making using data mining-based techniques within 5G networks. The framework captures historical handover behaviors by applying multivariate regression analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to identify significant network parameters like received signal strength, bandwidth, jitter, latency, packet loss and coverage. Through simulations conducted in the NetNeuman environment, it is shown that the proposed framework outperforms the baseline algorithms in terms of enhanced network performance, reduced latency, and improved handover success rates. Real-time decision making based on historical data improves framework responsiveness to user demands, enhancing overall user experience and network dependability. Advanced machine learning systems could be integrated in the future to allow adaptive and predictive mobility management for 6G networks. This research helps in formulating intelligent, data-oriented handover mechanisms required to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications and mobility in next-generation wireless networks.

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-04T09:13:03+03:00

In this investigation, three fuel samples—PD100, (2) D96-Bu4 (96%vol. diesel Bu4%vol. N-butanol), and (3) D96-Pn4 (96%vol. diesel, 4%vol. N-pentanol)—were put through endurance test in a single-cylinder CI engine. The results of the study showed that during tests on all gasoline samples, visual inspection showed minor deposits on the engine head. SEM tests revealed that the D96-Bu4 engine had higher carbon deposits on and around the engine head surface than the engine running with DF.Nonetheless, there was less carbon buildup in the ternary mix D96-Pn4. Currently, n-pentanol, diesel, and leftover cooking oil were used to create fuel mixes. When compared to PD, the wear debris concentration was reduced by emulsion fuel in the binary blend, even when n-pentanol was added as a ternary blend D96-Pn4 for aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), and cadmium (Cd). Ultimately, the viscosity and density readings decreased when the engine was run on both blend fuels.

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-04T09:31:11+03:00

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-04T09:48:12+03:00

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-04T13:45:28+03:00

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-04T14:01:33+03:00

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-05T06:57:02+03:00

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2025-08-05T10:07:32+03:00

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ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-05T10:25:17+03:00

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-05T10:50:51+03:00

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-06T09:12:59+03:00

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-07T12:01:21+03:00

INTELLIGENT ASSISTIVE DEVICE FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE - A COMPUTER VISION BASED APPROACH

2025-08-08T07:16:46+03:00

The “Intelligent Assistive Device” system leverages advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer Vision, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance the lives of individuals with visual impairments. This research addresses existing limitations and aims to develop a highly usable, efficient, and cost- effective device tailored to the specific needs of visually impaired individuals. Key features of the proposed system include facilitating independent navigation through obstacle detection, recognition, and distance measuring. Supplementary functions encompass face and currency recognition, wet floor and fall alerts, live location track- ing, text reading assistance, guardian monitoring, and emergency dialing. The functionalities are intended to be incorporated iteratively, empowering blind individuals to perform daily tasks with minimal assistance. The device’s primary features are achieved by integrating IoT and computer vision technologies, utilizing Raspberry Pi, and employing AI-based methodologies. An in-depth analysis of existing assistive technologies informed the identification of their shortcomings and incorporation of their advantages into the design of the proposed system. To ensure user comfort, considerations such as wearability, mobility, and lightweight design have been taken into account. Furthermore, a cost analysis was conducted to develop an affordable yet feature-rich assistive device. The overarching goal of this system is to enhance the quality, productivity, and independence of visually impaired individuals, thereby mitigating the financial and productivity losses associated with visual impairments.

BRINGING AUTONOMY AND COOPERATION TOGETHER: A COMPARISON OF AGENTIC AI SYSTEMS AND AI AGENTS

2025-08-08T07:28:42+03:00

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence has led to the emergence of two distinct but interdependent paradigms: AI agents and agent-based AI systems. While AI agents focus on modular and task-specific automation, often powered by large language models (LLMs), agentic AI systems represent a conceptual leap by enabling multi-agent collaboration, dynamic reasoning, and persistent autonomy. This article presents a comparative analysis that draws from both theoretical and practical perspectives, integrating the ideas of two fundamental works in the field. We define and differentiate the architectures, interaction models, and design objectives of each paradigm, examining their application in areas such as health, robotics, business automation, and digital ecosystems. The main challenges, such as hallucination, lack of coordination, and accountability, are identified along with mitigation strategies such as ReAct loops, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and causal modeling. Furthermore, we analyze the governance, ethical implications, and industry restructuring triggered by agent-based technologies. Our contribution is a unified framework and roadmap that clarifies terminology, aligns capabilities with real-world complexity, and informs the development of robust, transparent, and scalable intelligent systems. This synthesis offers valuable guidance to researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders who are navigating the transition from automated tools to collaborative intelligent agents.

DETECTING PLANT LEAF DISEASES USING CNN MODELS; A COMPARATIVE STUDY

2025-08-08T08:55:14+03:00

The detection of plant diseases through automated systems has gained significant attention in precision agriculture due to its potential to improve crop yield and reduce reliance on manual inspection. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of vegetable disease classification using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). A dataset containing over 20,000 images covering 15 disease categories and healthy classes was utilised, and both a custom CNN model and pre-trained transfer learning architectures were implemented to assess their efficacy in classifying vegetable diseases.

The research involved detailed experimentation with four models: a custom-designed CNN, VGG19, ResNet50, and Xception. The custom CNN demonstrated promising performance, achieving 87.50% accuracy, highlighting that well-structured lightweight models can provide viable solutions in contexts where computational efficiency is paramount. The VGG19 model, leveraging transfer learning, surpassed the custom model with 89.52% accuracy, while ResNet50 emerged as the top performer, achieving 94.86% accuracy, along with high precision, recall, and F1 score, reflecting its strong generalisation and suitability for practical deployment. In contrast, Xception significantly underperformed, illustrating that model architecture choice and fine-tuning play crucial roles in achieving optimal results for plant disease recognition tasks.

The comparative findings underscore the advantages of transfer learning, particularly with deep architectures like ResNet50, for accurate and reliable disease detection. Moreover, the study highlights the potential of the custom CNN as an efficient alternative for resource-constrained environments. The results pave the way for further exploration into hybrid and ensemble approaches, as well as deployment strategies for field-ready disease detection systems. Future work may focus on class-specific error analysis, model optimisation for edge devices, and strategies for addressing class imbalance to further enhance model robustness.

FAKE NEWS IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION USING MACHINE LEARNING

2025-08-08T09:18:03+03:00

A lot of information comes through the social media and people get 70 percent of their news through the social media. It is however also a nest of wickedness that propagates disbelieves and creates fakes. The paper highlights the semantically based identification of a false news to explore and understand the depth of misinformation and draw semantic knowledge to make dynamic decisions. The fake news recognition system targets to formulate an ontology to recognize hypothesis that is employed to swindle social media users by means of logical inference. The given model implies dividing the news content into the fictitious categories and semantically analyzing the news content of the data set. FNIOnt results are projected to three of ML based classifiers to classify the false news: Random Forest (RF) classifiers, Logistic Regression (LR) classifiers, and long short-term memory (LSTM) classifiers. The suggested method is superior to the previous fake news methods, and its identification and accuracy rate is 99 percent. The above findings confirm that machine learning models are better than previous models after the semantic feature investigation on new data sets. The other challenge, which is vital in the task of detecting fake news, is the high rate of adaptation of various strategies by the people behind the identity of fake or misleading news. Since machine learning systems are improving their performance in identifying fake news, maskers of fake stories are constantly changing their methods, either discovering new methods of avoiding detection or changing their writing styles. As an example, they can resort to less direct methods of manipulation like the use of half-truths or statements that are hard to argue with, thereby making the identification more complicated. As a reaction, the machine learning models will have to be made dynamic to respond to these novel methods and can enhance over time by analyzing new data and leaning to the new trends in the generation of fake news. Fake news detection is one of the areas where deep learning, a branch of machine learning using learning with multiple layers that take the form of artificial neural networks, was shown to have potential. Neural networks such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and transformers can automatically infer complex information in raw text and so the manual selection of features is unnecessary. These models are very applicable in the processing of unstructured text data because they grasp semantic and syntactic relationship between words as opposed to machine learning models, which are limited to understanding such relationships. To illustrate, deep learning models can be trained to approach context and sentiment of a news article to allow them to differentiate between real and fake content even under the conditions of minor manipulation.

ENHANCING THYROID ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSIS WITH A HYBRID CNN AND GRAPH ATTENTION NETWORK

2025-08-08T09:46:46+03:00

Thyroid diseases, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, are prevalent endocrine disorders that significantly impact global health. Early detection is crucial to prevent severe complications, but traditional diagnostic methods often face challenges like delayed results, reliance on human expertise, and limited accessibility in remote areas. This study addresses these limitations by proposing a hybrid deep learning model that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Graph Attention Networks (GATs) for automated thyroid disease detection using ultrasound images. The proposed model leverages EfficientNet-B4 for spatial feature extraction and GAT layers to analyze relational dependencies between features, enhancing classification accuracy. Trained on the Algeria Ultrasound Images Thyroid Dataset (AUTD), the model achieves an accuracy of 92.48%, precision of 93.94%, recall of 92.48%, and an F1-score of 92.87%, outperforming traditional methods such as Sequential CNN with K-Means clustering (81.5% accuracy). Key innovations include dynamic graph construction for localized feature analysis and robust data augmentation techniques to mitigate class imbalance. The system's performance is ensured by intensive experiments, confusion matrix analysis, and multiclass ROC curves that establish its trustworthiness for clinical deployment. This study contributes to medical AI research by presenting a precise, scalable, and deployable early detection of thyroid disease solution. Future developments can involve investigating more sophisticated attention mechanisms, seamless integration with other clinical data sources.

DEEPFAKE VOICE RECOGNITION: TECHNIQUES, ORGANIZATIONAL RISKS AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS

2025-08-08T10:11:21+03:00

Deepfake voice technologies have emerged as a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, particularly within speech synthesis and voice cloning. Using deep learning models such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and autoencoders, these systems can generate highly realistic synthetic voices that mimic human speech. While beneficial for entertainment and accessibility, deepfake voices also pose major risks in misinformation, identity theft, and cybercrime. This paper explores both the generation techniques and detection strategies for deepfake voices, focusing on neural network–based approaches for voice authentication and synthetic speech recognition. It also highlights the ethical and legal implications of deepfake usage, with emphasis on consent, digital trust, and privacy. By critically analyzing recent trends and proposing a framework for detection, the study aims to support the development of robust defenses against malicious voice manipulation.

MACHINE LEARNING BASED SYSTEM FOR PREDICTING FINGER MOVEMENT OF THE ROBOTIC HAND USING SMART GLOVE

2025-08-08T10:26:52+03:00

In robot-assisted surgeries, robots are familiar with performing many complicated surgeries with minimal invasiveness and flexibility. This research paper aims to propose a machine learning (ML)-based method for predicting finger movement of the robotic hand. The method utilizes Smart gloves with Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)-based sensors to control Robotic hand-finger movements. The ESP-WROOM-32 microcontroller, connected via Arduino IDE and Jupyter software, records real-time finger movements, including flexion and extension, refined by the microcontroller before real-time integration between the Smart glove and robotic hand. The data generated corresponds to different movements of different fingers involved in multi-learning problems, which deal with scenarios requiring the synchronous prediction or analysis of multiple outputs, such as in multi-output regression. To address this problem, we used the ML algorithm (K-nearest neighbors regressor). This regressor has the inherent property of handling the multiple output regression problem. The regressor used was estimated to predict finger movements concerning Root Mean Square Prediction Error (RMSPE). After implementing this algorithm in real-time integration of the Smart glove and robotic hand, our robotic hand has successfully moved the finger toward the smart glove. The proposed method improves control precision, reduces latency, and improves the user experience, potentially revolutionizing artificial limb control and remote robot operation.

FUZZY INTERFACE-BASED WEED DETECTION SYSTEM USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR SMART AGRICULTURE

2025-08-08T10:53:34+03:00

Image processing in detecting weeds is a field that is newly emerging and fast-growing, which can be revolutionary in modern agriculture. The technology helps farmers to recognize and monitor weeds in order to apply specific and effective weed control services. This paper is on the development and implementation of an image-capturing and image-processing system and the design of fuzzy logic on a decision-making platform that determines the suitable dosage level of suitably applied pesticide, together with its application spot concerning agricultural lands.

The natural way of fertilizing in the early days of farming included the use of manure and compost from chickens, cows, and horses. Although these natural methods increased the productivity, now, to keep in line with the rising global food demand, advanced image processing processes are also used in addition to that.

We are using MATLAB as the background processing technique in the field images and identification of grassy weed areas in this work. The fuzzy logic system operates on weed coverage and patch values as well as the usage of membership functions of decision making, one of which involves settling on a rate of application of herbicides at particular areas within the field.

Due to the increase in global population and the exhaustion of natural resources, health-related and sustainable agricultural methods are becoming a focus. As depicted in this paper, the application of image processing technologies can be very crucial in curbing such challenges

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF E-CIGARETTE AND CONVENTIONAL SMOKING -INDUCED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ALBINO MICE

2025-08-08T12:12:23+03:00

The rising use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as alternatives to conventional tobacco products has prompted concerns regarding their systemic health impacts. This study aimed to assess and compare the physiological and histopathological effects of e-cigarette (T1) and conventional cigarette (T2) exposure in mice. The study divided adult mice into a control group and two smoking exposure groups, T1 and T2. Research conducted for nine weeks included testing hematological, metabolic, and hormonal parameters, along with histological parameters. In the blood, there was less hemoglobin in both treated groups (6.67±0.356 in T1 and 5.982±0.059 in T2 vs. 6.81±0.09 in controls), but more white blood cells in the T1 group compared to both control and T2 group. The platelet count was also higher in T1 (552.4±5.14) compared to T2 group (325.89±0.26). The testosterone level was higher in T2; however, glucose levels rose in both groups but showed a larger increase in T1. Both e-smoking and conventional smoking exposures influenced estrogen level since it elevated in T1 and diminished in T2. Histological observations showed that both groups of exposed mice had changes in the myocardium, glomerulosclerosis, hepatocellular ballooning, and emphysematous changes. However, the structural problems were worse in conventional smoking (T2 group). Exposure to cigarettes caused continuous weight reduction that affected males to a greater extent among the T1 and T2 groups. Research indicates that both vaping and conventional smoking alter the body; however, e-cigarettes lead to greater disruption of immune functions and hormonal systems than traditional cigarettes and cause more severe structural and blood-related harm

A DEEP LEARNING FRAMEWORK FOR SPACE WEATHER PREDICTION: LEVERAGING TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR SUNSPOT FORECASTING

2025-08-08T12:28:43+03:00

Accurate sunspot activity prediction is crucial for space weather forecasting, as it helps protect space-dependent infrastructure. Cloud computing has significantly advanced deep learning techniques, enabling more precise and efficient forecasting models. This study employs Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Two-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (2D-CNN) to enhance sunspot prediction accuracy. Leveraging cloud-based frameworks, the proposed approach improves model scalability, optimizes computational efficiency, and enables real-time forecasting. The dataset consists of time-series records of sunspot activity, making it highly suitable for recurrent neural networks. LSTM and GRU effectively capture sequential dependencies, while optimization techniques, including modified particle swarm optimization and hyperparameter tuning, reduce computational complexity and mitigate overfitting. Experimental results indicate that 2D-CNN achieves the highest accuracy 99.39%, with an F1-score of 98.79%, precision of 99.45%, and recall of 99.33%, demonstrating its superior ability to capture spatial correlations in sunspot data. Furthermore, GRU outperforms LSTM in processing sequential data, achieving higher precision (98.80% vs. 97.81%) and F1-score (96.21% vs. 96.11%). These findings reinforce the effectiveness of deep learning, particularly 2D-CNNs, in sunspot forecasting.

DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM BY REAL TIME EYE STATE IDENTIFICATION

2025-08-08T12:58:41+03:00

The paper proposes a new architecture which plies eye states of a live video feed and receives at 97 percent accuracy; followed by sending signals at the right time before instances of accidents occur and this is an immense problem in the globe since traffic accidents by fatigued drivers are a huge menace. It is a combined CNN and RNN based system. A comprehensive dataset of 4,760 images, comprising 2,380 closed-eye and 2,380 open-eye images captured under diverse driving conditions, is used to train the model.

HARNESSING FREE SURFACE VORTICES FOR CLEAN ENERGY: TECHNICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW OF GRAVITATIONAL WATER VORTEX POWER PLANT (GWVPP)

2025-08-08T13:19:14+03:00

The extracted discharge from fossil fuel operational systems and power generating plants is considered a huge concern for the developed countries since they are accountable for several epidemics, lung diseases, and environmental hazards. Hydroelectric power-generating plants provide an alternative solution to the recent energy contingency of the world, since they utilize the stored energy in a free stream of water to deliver electricity instead of utilizing oil and other fuels. Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) under the class of Mini Micro Pico Hydropower have been observed as a suitable technology to produce power from the flow of water with a hydraulic head of 0.7 - 3.0 m with a flow rate as low as 0.05 m.s^-1. This type of turbine is used in regions where the water-powered head isn't high, with high to medium stream rates. Since this technology is still in its infancy, experimental validation of theoretical work is the utmost necessity to cover the gap between claimed and achieved efficiencies. In this review work, an attempt has been made to gather the findings of experimental studies carried out by different researchers & pilot projects installed worldwide, to present the actual scenario and determine the gap between the claimed and desired results. Technical, economic, and ecological parameters of GWVPP are compared with those of other micro hydro power plants, and it is concluded that GWVPP is the most efficient of all these, having low cost, being environmentally friendly, and most useful for aquatic life.

AN OPTIMIZED FRAMEWORK OF CYBERSECURITY TECHNIQUES FOR PROTECTING THE PERSONAL INFORMATION OF ACCOUNT HOLDERS IN INTERNET BANKING SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN

2025-08-08T13:53:59+03:00

The rapid innovation in digital technology has revolutionized banking services, enabling automatic financial transactions and transforming customer engagement through Internet banking. This shift has led to reduced operational costs and enhanced customer satisfaction; however, it has also introduced serious vulnerabilities, especially in countries like Pakistan where Internet banking remains a relatively new but growing phenomenon. Fraudsters now exploit sophisticated online techniques, raising the stakes for banks facing internal, external, and regulatory cybersecurity threats. This study employed a quantitative methodology using structured survey responses from 350 account holders across Pakistan to examine these challenges. Through descriptive statistics, reliability testing, and Reliability Analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha, the research validated a four-layer Cyber Defense Framework designed to protect digital financial information. Findings revealed significant gaps in technological awareness, procedural security, and trust in digital transactions, underscoring the urgent need for robust frameworks. Practically, the framework provides actionable insights for financial institutions and regulators supporting more resilient system designs, adaptive cybersecurity strategies, and enhanced legal mechanisms to safeguard users. By aligning technological innovation with strategic security measures, this study contributes a context-sensitive blueprint for strengthening Pakistan’s banking sector against emerging digital threats.

LOW-THD 110 V RMS, 60 HZ PROPORTIONAL-INTEGRAL REGULATED SINGLE-PHASE FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER WITH 10 KHZ SPWM AND LC FILTERING

2025-08-08T13:59:14+03:00

The single-phase full-bridge inverter topology here shown illustrates a robust and efficient means of DC input to a stable 110 V RMS AC output at 60 Hz. Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency triangular carrier signal (10 kHz) allows for precise control of the four IGBT switches, and thus, the generation of a high-quality AC waveform. The use of an LC low-pass filter (L = 4.06 mH, C = 6.23 µF) further improves the output by filtering out the high-frequency components, thus contributing to the significantly low total harmonic distortion (THD) observed in voltage (--0.22%) and current. A closed-loop control system consisting of a bandwidth-high PI controller (Kₚ = 21, Kᵢ = 0.03155) is tasked with maintaining the stability and quality of the output. Through constant comparison of the filtered output with a 60 Hz reference signal, this controller adjusts the PWM duty cycle dynamically to compensate for variations in load or DC-bus voltage. Such adaptive control allows the inverter to maintain its target output within ±2% of the nominal value, even under severe load transients (±50%) and disturbances in the DC-bus. The fast recovery time, within a fraction of a cycle, is reflective of the system's marvelous dynamic response. Such performance attributes make the inverter design ideal for high-quality, stable AC power sourcing applications, such as renewable energy systems and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).

DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING OF A LOW-COST, LINKAGE-DRIVEN TWO-FINGER EXOSKELETON FOR HAND REHABILITATION

2025-08-08T14:21:44+03:00

Hand rehabilitation remains a key element in restoring motor functions among individuals affected by neurological injuries such as stroke; robotic-assisted therapy has demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness in prior studies. The practical use of current hand exoskeletons remains restricted due to elevated costs and complex designs; this limitation is more pronounced in healthcare systems operating with reduced financial and technical resources. Existing research lacks a verified system that delivers essential finger mobility through a structure that is both low-cost and simple; few designs can be fabricated using basic materials and tools. The main focus of this investigation was the mechanical development and preliminary evaluation of a hand exoskeleton employing a planar linkage system to guide the motion of the index and middle fingers. A solid model was produced using CAD software; the final device layout was based entirely on this model and ensured accurate component dimensions and assembly alignment. The fabricated prototype utilized laser-cut acrylic linkages; actuation was achieved through standard servo motors; a bevel gear pair delivered the mechanical transmission. The control mechanism was managed using an Arduino microcontroller; the electronics were programmed to control finger trajectories based on predefined flexion-extension angles. This prototype introduced a functional concept of mechanical simplicity; the six-bar linkage system employed only easily available elements assembled into a precise therapeutic motion unit. The complete prototype system weighed close to 100 grams; total expenditure for materials remained under $50 USD; no specialized components were required for construction. Device tests showed controlled finger movements in flexion and extension; the outcomes verified mechanical integrity; actuation reliability and electronic responsiveness were confirmed during performance trials. These findings support the potential of a mechanically feasible and economically accessible device; the demonstrated framework holds value for expanding therapy access in underserved healthcare settings. The study confirms that reliable finger mobilization may be delivered through affordable robotic mechanisms; the approach may improve recovery conditions for patients experiencing hand paralysis or post-stroke motor deficits.

INTEGRATED USE OF BIOFERTILIZERS AND ZINC SULPHATE FOR ENHANCED GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)

2025-08-08T14:38:41+03:00

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2024 at the Govt Post College, Timergara District, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to evaluate the response of biofertilizers and zinc sulphate on the growth and yield of maize (Triticum aestivum). The experiment included treatments with phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB), Azotobacter, their combination (PSB + Azotobacter), and zinc sulphate at rates of 20, 25, and 30 kg/ha. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in pH (7.8), and low in organic carbon (0.35%). The results indicated that the combined application of PSB, Azotobacter, and zinc sulphate at 30 kg/ha significantly enhanced the growth and yield parameters of maize. Specifically, it recorded the highest plant height (159.03 cm), plant dry weight (162.70 g/plant), crop growth rate (26.25 g/m²/day), number of cobs per plant (1.8), number of rows per cob (16.8), number of seeds per cob (553.4), 100-seed weight (29.3 g), grain yield (6.5 t/ha), straw yield (12.9 t/ha), and harvest index (33.8%). These improvements may be attributed to the synergistic effect of biofertilizers and micronutrient supplementation. Biofertilizers enhance nutrient availability and uptake, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, by promoting microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Zinc sulphate contributes to various physiological and enzymatic functions essential for crop development. The findings confirm that integrated nutrient management, using biofertilizers in conjunction with zinc supplementation, is an effective strategy for improving maize productivity while potentially reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers.

TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL TRENDS IN QUETTA VALLEY, PAKISTAN: A CMIP6-BASED ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL AND FUTURE CLIMATE DYNAMICS

2025-08-08T14:54:23+03:00

The paper explores historic and future climatic patterns of temperature and rainfall in Quetta Valley in Pakistan which is an arid region with a high susceptibility to climate change. As indicated by historical analysis, there exist strong warming patterns in minimum and maximum temperatures with an obvious trend of rising through the period under consideration, along with a small but statistically significant decline of the annual rainfall that is further boosting regional aridity. The ongoing warming is expected to be followed by a further increase in temperature that may reach 8°C in maximum temperatures by the year 2100 according to the high-emission SSP585 scenario. Projections of precipitation indicate uneven patterns that overall have a drier (the potential of lower rainfall than the baseline in SSP585) trend. These results indicate the growing climate fragility of Quetta Valley and the strong need in adaptive practices in water management, agriculture production, and sustainability initiatives.

PREDICTING OPTIMAL LINKS IN COMPLEX HUMAN NETWORKS USING STRUCTURAL PATTERN ANALYSIS

2025-08-08T15:44:57+03:00

In human complex networks, link prediction aims to predict when missing, deleted, or future linkages may arise. In this work, we use link prediction methods on five different human interaction networks to find the best prediction method for human complex networks. The techniques utilized are based on similarity-based strategies and are mainly concerned with evaluating each network's similarity scores. Eight algorithms were carefully selected and modified for use in networks relating to humans since they have shown encouraging results in other complicated network contexts. To evaluate the predictive power of the applied techniques, our simulation centers on forecasting links that have been eliminated from the network. The datasets are converted into adjacency matrices and then divided into training and probing sets as part of the technique. The chosen methods are used to calculate similarity scores during a training phase that is followed by rigorous testing. Accuracy metrics are then computed for every dataset. This method makes it easier to do a thorough comparison analysis, which makes it possible to determine which prediction method works best. The author used five different datasets to evaluate the performance of eight different methods. The AUC was the evaluation metric that was employed. According to the findings, the Resource Allocation Index (RAI) performed the best on big and complicated datasets out of all the algorithms.

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-08T16:05:14+03:00

ANALYZING CARBON DEBRIS AND ENGINE WEAR IN SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

2025-08-08T16:17:52+03:00

RISK FACTORS OF PREGNANCY LOSS USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

2025-08-09T08:56:20+03:00

Pregnancy loss, also known as spontaneous abortion, is the loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), around 15% to 20% of clinically diagnosed pregnancies result in pregnancy loss. We used cross-sectional data from the Bureau of Statistics Punjab (BSP) to investigate the risk factors for pregnancy loss. we compare the accuracy result of pregnancy loss data using different machine learning algorithms Logistic Regression, KNN, LDA, SVM, NB, RNC, CART, BNB, Passive, ETC to see their performance. After a comparison of the performance of the models, we found the best accuracy of the model KNN as 91%. Algorithms of LR, KNN, LDA, SVM, NB, RNC, CART, BNB, and Passive produced over 80% accuracy. Feature selection and feature importance of 28 variables identified using logistic regression, Decision tree classifier and extra trees classifier that the important features highly affecting the risk of pregnancy are total children ever born and place of delivery

LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY FOR SOIL ANALYSIS: RECENT ADVANCES IN NUTRIENT AND CONTAMINANT DETECTION

2025-08-09T09:13:27+03:00

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new source of distinct role which is now being widely used as an efficient, fast and more versatile method of analysis in soil analysis which has contributed to the best sustainable practice of agriculture. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the application of LIBS for soil analysis, with a particular focus on its role in the detection and quantification of soil nutrients and contaminants. This review aims to highlight how LIBS contributes to improving analytical accuracy, enhancing real-time monitoring capabilities, and supporting sustainable agricultural practices through precise soil characterization. More recent developments have centered on defeating some of the critical drawbacks of LIBS accuracy, including matrix effects, moisture content, and variability of particle size. Optimized experimental procedures, such as spatial confinement, addition of a conductive material and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) support have shown significant increases in detection limit and precision of the analytical method. The combination of machine learning, deep learning, and chemometric processes continue to optimize LIBS applications by allowing predictive models that can withstand the balkier soil matrices. Moreover, portable and handheld LIBS have contributed to its use in field based real time soil monitoring. Reproducibility is being promised by efforts of standardization through certified reference materials and interlaboratory protocols into increasing acceptance by the scientific community. All these innovations make LIBS one of the most promising instruments in terms of accurate soil nutrient management and contamination testing, with valuable security providing strategic resources, resource-efficient and environmentally sustainable agricultural systems.

EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON THE DIMENSIIONAL STABILITY OF POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS

2025-08-09T09:30:09+03:00

This research analyzes the hygrothermal properties of carbon fiber epoxy composites by investigating the effects of temperature (ranging from 10 C° to 50 C°) and high relative humidity (90%) on the dimensional stability over different durations. A full experimental procedure was done on thirty specimens placed in a climate chamber at the specified temperatures and 90% relative humidity for different time intervals up to 432 hours. A baseline of 14.76 mm Average width and 3.19 mm Average thickness was established.

Dimensional changes included width increase at 10 C° (1.63% to 15.00 mm), 20 C° (1.35 % to 14.96 mm), 40 C° (2.03% to 15.06 mm) and 50 C°(0.27% to 14.80 mm), however, thickness slightly change (0.31%) at 10 C° , 20 C, 50 C° and (0.94%) at 40 C° temperatures. While at 30 C°, width increase (0.068% to 14.77 mm) and the thickness remains the same .The temperature and humidity conditions had clear and profound effects on the mechanical properties of composite materials, thus hygrothermal testing should be used to enhance the durability of composites.